I have often seen explanation of "originality" in research through abstract terms and ideas.
Here I will try to explain the concept of originality in PhD research through the concrete example of Moodle which is an LMS. This example is chosen because PhD students today are very likely to have come across an LMS and would help in understanding various nuances of originality.
The other reason is to understand the dynamics of originality (creativity, invention) and significance (practicality, adoption, use and impact) in the context of computer technology whose tremendous growth over the last 70 years is exemplified through a continuous cycle of creativity, innovation, improvement, extension, collaboration, application, assimilation, enhancements, growth, and widespread adoption. This is enabled through the application of theoretical concepts which are converted into protoypes, tools and products, whose use leads to the identification of new requirements and opportunities, which in turn lead to another cycle of creative originality in design and implementation.
1. Presenting a major piece of new information in writing for the first time:
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development which laid the foundation of constructivism or other theories that started laying the foundation of how learning happens and through what processes. This led to the development of "Learning by Doing" as can be seen through the seminal work of John Holt.
2. Extending, qualifying or elaborating on an existing piece of work
Then would come people writing papers on use of computers for education and leading to the development of CBE (Computer Based Education) tools from 1960s. Then they started becoming mainstream in 1970s-80s for example Milliken Communication Systems (subsidiary of Milliken Publishing) CBE courseware.
Then comes the scathing critique of original forays in the use of computers for education as Frank Smith's "Insult to Intelligence".
Undertaking an original piece of work designed by someone else
It is also based on the experience and critiques of computer based education, and computer based learning systems of 1980s and 1990s.
Developing a new product or improving an existing one
Moodle was originally developed in 2002 based on the experience of other computer systems.
It is based on the open source movement's Open Source Software. Wikipedia being one of the major successes of this movement and so is Linux Operating system which powers the most operating systems on cloud.
Reinterpreting an existing theory, maybe in a different context
Moodle is a reinterpretation of constructivism theory in an LMS context.
It modifies various assumption of constructivism in the process of fitting the LMS to meet the requirements of educational institutions that range from one end of spectrum represented by constructivism and extends to the other end of the spectrum that is need for teacher based interactions enabled by Moodle.
Demonstrating originality by testing someone else’s idea
[work in progress]
Carrying out empirical work that has not been done before
Using a different methodological approach to address a problem
Synthesizing information in a new or different way
Providing a new interpretation using existing / known information
Repeating research in other contexts, for example, a different country
Applying existing ideas to new areas of study
Taking a particular technique and applying it in a new area
Developing a new research tool or technique
Taking a different approach, for example a cross-disciplinary perspective
Developing a portfolio of work based on research
Adding to knowledge in a way that has not previously been done before
Conducting a study on a previously unresearched area or topic
Producing a critical analysis of something not previously examine
There are many ways you can incorporate originality without your thesis becoming too ambitious or unmanageable.
‘New’ elements can arise when you:
generate new data
apply new methods to existing data
create new interpretations of existing data
provide additional support for existing theories, models or interpretations
modify existing theories, models or interpretations
critique or disprove existing theories, models or interpretations
discover new information
provide new solutions to problems
analyse phenomena in new ways
devise new investigative methods
sample new populations.
References
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Some criteria which may merit ‘originality’
Presenting a major piece of new information in writing for the first time
Extending, qualifying or elaborating on an existing piece of work
Undertaking an original piece of work designed by someone else
Developing a new product or improving an existing one
Reinterpreting an existing theory, maybe in a different context
Demonstrating originality by testing someone else’s idea
Carrying out empirical work that has not been done before
Using a different methodological approach to address a problem
Synthesizing information in a new or different way
Providing a new interpretation using existing / known information
Repeating research in other contexts, for example, a different country
Applying existing ideas to new areas of study
Taking a particular technique and applying it in a new area
Developing a new research tool or technique
Taking a different approach, for example a cross-disciplinary perspective
Developing a portfolio of work based on research
Adding to knowledge in a way that has not previously been done before
Conducting a study on a previously unresearched area or topic
Producing a critical analysis of something not previously examine
Being original means that your findings are contributing something new to a body of knowledge, and this can be established by the evaluation of experts in the field. However, there are cases in which the originality of the findings is not identified immediately, and sometimes it takes years before it is recognized.
An original research paper is the one based on original research that produces new knowledge instead of summarizing what is already known in a new form. There are many ways to produce new knowledge: observations, experiments, new approaches to solving existing problems, etc. Very often, an original research paper is simply called a dissertation.
An article is considered original research if...
· it is the report of a study written by the researchers who actually did the study.
· the researchers describe their hypothesis or research question and the purpose of the study.
· the researchers detail their research methods.
· the results of the research are reported.
· the researchers interpret their results and discuss possible implications.
An original research paper is the one based on original research that produces new knowledge instead of summarizing what is already known in a new form. There are many ways to produce new knowledge: observations, experiments, new approaches to solving existing problems, etc. Very often, an original research paper is simply called a dissertation.
An article is considered original research if...
· it is the report of a study written by the researchers who actually did the study.
· the researchers describe their hypothesis or research question and the purpose of the study.
· the researchers detail their research methods.
· the results of the research are reported.
· the researchers interpret their results and discuss possible implications.
How to recognise and develop originality in research
For research to be of PhD standard, all institutional regulations require it be 'original' and significant. In practice, though, research projects at all levels should be original; just the duration shorter and the significance less - much less for undergraduate projects. (Advice on limiting the scope and significance of a project at the outset is on the page about choosing a research topic; advice on limiting scope towards the end when seemingly submerged in too much data is on the page about a fall-back position.)
Students often worry about how to recognise and claim originality in their work. This page should help, but remember that originality without some sort of significance is worthless.
Ways of thinking about originality
A useful way to appreciate the scope of originality is through an analogy, where the research programme can be likened to an exploration into a wilderness at a time in history when the world was still largely unexplored and when explorers still had considerable personal autonomy. In the analogy, the explorer may have certain visions in mind concerning what he or she hopes the expedition will achieve, but appreciates that these may not materialise, so is open to alternatives. To avoid cumbersome repetition, the explorer and student will be taken as having different sexes, arbitrarily male and female respectively.
Originality in tools, techniques and procedures
In the analogy the explorer uses all the information he can to firm up on why he wants to explore the wilderness and how he might do so within the resources at his command and within any constraints that may exist. He uses this information to plan and organise what background knowledge, procedures, tools, equipment and personnel he will need, tailored to the available resources and constraints. Some procedures may have to be specially designed, some tools and equipment may have to be specially made and some personnel may have to be specially trained or brought in.
Similarly, the student studies the literature, talks to experts and attends relevant training to get background knowledge and to develop an appropriate research methodology. This must include decisions about the procedures, tools and techniques, and possibly also the people to be involved. These may be fairly standard in the field of study, but if she uses them in new and untested ways, this would justify a claim for originality. Or if she develops new procedures, tools and techniques for a specific purpose, this, too would justify a claim for originality. If neither is the case, her claim for originality must lie in later stages of the work, as suggested in the next few sections.
Originality in exploring the unknown/unexplored
In the analogy the expedition begins along the pre-planned route. If this is previously unexplored, the mere exploration is original work.
Similarly, if the student is conducting a major investigation on something which has never been investigated before, such as a recently discovered insect, star, poem, etc, the work will necessarily be original.
Such originality is built into the research topic and is straightforward to justify.
In many fields of study, however, originality is not built-in. So read on.
Originality in exploring the unanticipated
In the analogy the main route may already have been broadly explored. However, the explorer will, from time to time, come across unexpected and unexplored sidetracks. He may not notice them and he may continue on the planned route anyway, in which case nothing original is involved. If, however, he does notice the sidetracks, he has to make decisions about whether to explore any of them, and if so, which ones. These decisions may be difficult, because he cannot know whether anything of interest will turn out to lie along them without at least partially exploring them, and doing so will use resources of time and equipment which will delay the expedition on its main route. Yet, one or more of the sidetracks could contain something of such great interest and significance that it would be worth abandoning the expedition as first planned and putting all the resources into exploring the sidetrack.
Similarly, in fairly mundane research, one phase of the work can open up alternative ways forward which have never previously been researched. These ways forward are necessarily original, and they can also turn out to be highly significant. They can, on the other hand, equally turn out to be dead-ends which consume time and effort fruitlessly. Researchers cannot know without devoting some time to looking, and even if nothing worthwhile results, a student can at least claim to have searched for something original and significant.
Originality in data
In the analogy the explorer may make interesting notes of observations along the way. Where he is unable to give them the time they deserve while on the expedition, he may pack them up for carrying back home to work through properly.
Similarly, the student may find herself collecting data, a great deal which she does not process at the time. She just hopes that it may provide something original and useful later when processed or analysed. This is a perfectly possible way of incorporating originality into work, but it is not at all safe because the data may turn out to have minimal significance. To follow such a route successfully, students need either good hunches about how the data might be used to advantage or considerable creative abilities.
Originality in transfer of mode or place of use.
The explorer may collect all manner of goodies along the way, ranging from what he hoped for when planning the expedition to the entirely unanticipated. These goodies may have an obvious uniqueness, beauty or value, like gold or precious stones. More likely, though, they are commonplace where they were found, but unknown back home, like the potato which Sir Walter Raleigh brought to England from America.
Similarly, originality in research need not be new in absolute terms. It can merely be new to the research situation or the discipline. Even well-known and already published data can lead to 'originality' if tested in new situations. It is both feasible and acceptable for researchers to make something original and significant with secondary data, i.e. data that they did not gather themselves. This route to originality is often overlooked by research students.
Originality in by-products
Things may go so badly wrong on the expedition that it has to be abandoned with seemingly nothing achieved. Yet, the illnesses of the team could be used to testify to the diseases that are rampant in the area. Or the torrential storms that washed away the collections of specimens could be monitored for interpretation in terms of what is already known about storms in that type of terrain. Neither of these would have been the purpose of the expedition, but they would be none the less valuable and count as original and significant outcomes.
Similarly, the student may be able to capitalise on things that seem to go wrong. Important equipment may not work; crucial resources may not be available; people may not agree to be interviewed; funding may be withdrawn; or there may be other serious and unforeseen obstacles. Just as in the analogy, a little creative thinking can rescue the situation, which is the primary reason for the third role in which students need to operate. There are almost always by-products during any research, perhaps the development of a certain piece of equipment or some interesting secondary findings in the literature. These can be moved into the mainstream, focused on or developed further. When the thesis or dissertation is written, the research problem, theme or focus merely needs to be reformulated to reflect the new nature of the work. There is nothing at all dishonest about this.
Originality in the experience
Whatever happens on the expedition, the explorer should, provided that he did not give up and return home early, have some interesting stories to tell.
Similarly students who stay the course with their research should be able to tease out something worthwhile from an academic or scholarly standpoint. Creative thinking techniques should help.
Originality as 'potentially publishable'
Departing from the analogy, another useful way to stimulate thinking about originality is through the concept of 'potentially publishable' in a peer-reviewed journal. This is increasingly being equated to 'significant originality' for students' research. The work does not necessarily have to be published, only to be worthy of publication, in principle, if suitably written up at a later stage. 'Potentially publishable' is a useful notion, because most research, particularly at PhD level, ought to be able to generate at least one, and probably several, journal articles. If, by the time of the examination, the work has already been accepted for publication in a peer reviewed journal, that is a considerable plus.
The variety of interpretations and configurations of originality
It is not very difficult to develop new and original twists to research, and Box 21.1 in the book gives some examples of how real students have done so. You should be able to do it too.
I think that the colleagues before me have already provided a wide -range set of answers to the question about originality. Unfortunately this question would be answered differently lets say 20 or 30 years ago.
While the theoretical concepts of "what is original" are still valid, very little research is original in our days. Most of the research topics are already saturated with previous work.. and very rarely the research results are UNIQUE in comparison to the data in the literature.
So I believe that in our present scientific context, that we should substitute the term "Original Research" with "Good Research", that is conducted via established scientific rules.
I would like to know if you can identify which of these books are translations of which authors of English books.
What a wonderful time that I spent with these books. I read them in Urdu before I read them in English later on. Once upon a time I used to have a collection of all these Frerozesons books that are mentioned here. I was a proud owner of "Millat Library" during early 1970s with a collection of hundreds of books that I used to rent out at 10paisa/book/day. Here are some of the translations that I have identified. Please fill the remaining ones in the comments if you can identify. I think many of these were translations of Franklin W Dixon's Hardy Boys series. At one time I recognized at least seven of these.
Met Dr Shahid Amjad Chaudhry, Rector Lahore School of Economics at the picturesque campus on Burki Road on Jan 21, 2020. Got to see the peacock dance as I entered the beautiful campus. It was as if the peacock gave me a special welcome (or do they perform for every visitor).
Saw one of the many peacocks dancing as I entered LSE
With Dr Shahid Amjad as he proudly gave me
a personal tour of the campus
Faculty Development and Retention Policy: Role of Faculty in
Academic Excellence
Report Date: 26 August 2003
Objectives
To develop the institute as a Center of Excellence in
university level education requires that faculty is motivated to contribute to
the:
1.Excellence in teaching standards by actively
participating in the development of courses, curriculum and instruction
methodology.
2.Excellence in R&D through research publications in
journals and other magazines
3.Faculty development process that is goal oriented and
attracts full-time, highly qualified and industry renowned faculty members, and
encourages their continuous development in the system.
4.Industry-Academia interactions through membership in
professional associations, participation in conferences, consultancy, industry
projects, etc.
5.Student-Teacher Interactions through involvement in
academic counseling, student projects and student events and activities.
6.Institutional Development through participation in
various committees and their activities and events at the institute.
How Correct is My Data: Cardinal Rules for Data Collection Written: May 2, 2007
A marketing manager of a pharmaceutical who has recently joined the company is looking at a report lying on his table about the performance of the sales representatives, their individual targets and the actual achievements. He needs to know what is the correctness of the data being presented, and how much confidence should he have in the presented data. What are the specific questions he should be asking that could lead him to determine the level of confidence he should have in the figures.
This paper presents a tool consisting of four rules for determining the correctness of data. It also gives two case studies that show how this tool can be used in improving the correctness of data and removing the errors. The rules are also useful in identifying the redundant steps that can be eliminated during Business Process Reengineering. During the computerization process, the rules help in identifying the step that needs to be first computerized. The framework has been developed on the basis of experience of several computerization efforts across a wide range of companies.
Sen Syed Mazhar Ali was a man who was ahead of his time. He was a visionary who could appreciate the role of IT in creating wonderful opportunities for Pakistan in 1980s. His apartment complexes set the standard for high quality during 1970s and early 1980s. His Gulshan-e-Maymar town was conceived and constructed decades ahead of the Bahria Town and DHA City. It was established when there was nothing beyond Sohrab Goth. He knew the importance of public-private partnership in developing the revenue resource base back in the 1980s. As part of Resource Mobilization Commission he developed a blue print of how to diversify Pakistan's resource base. As Chairman of the IT Commission, he laid the foundation of the National IT Policy that was developed through public-private partnership in early phase of computerization of the country. He was an important player in the National IT Policy 1997-98 during the Nawaz Sharif's 2nd tenure and Ahsan Iqbal's vision 2020. He was also part of the National IT Policy 2000 formulation during the several working groups formed during the early years of Gen Musharraf rule. His investment in the state of the art institution KIIT at Gulshan e Maymar during late 1990s was the harbinger of how higher education would grow. It boasted during late 1990s the highest number of PhDs after LUMS in private institutions.
Partition: Borders of Blood : Al Jazeera Documentary:
In this two-part special, 101 Easttraces the events and conflicting politics that led to the greatest migration of people in human history, and unleashed a wave of communal violence that claimed more than a million lives.
How India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh were formed: Animation by Al Jazeera: How the princely states amalgamated and the new boundaries formed from 1947 till present.
[Written in May-June 2017]
This is with reference to news item “COASto address VCs on preventing extremism”. This meeting was called to discuss shocking incidents in which university students have been found to be involved in taking law in their own hands, killing others and taking part in heinous terrorist acts. These include among others some very high profile cases such as the mob of students killing a student of Mardan University [1], Safoora Goth Massacre involving students of IBA, KU and SSUET [2], and the medical university student caught just before blowing herself up as a suicide bomber [3].
